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Application of the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) for the exploration of the [3+2] cycloaddition processes between methyl propynoate 1 and difluoromethyldiazomethane T-1, have been implemented using the DFT/B3LYP/6-311(d,p) level of theory. According to an examination of conceptual DFT indices, difluoromethyldiazomethane (T-1) participates in this reaction as a nucleophile, while methyl propynoate (1) should be considered as an electrophile. This cyclization is regiospecific, as evidenced by the activation and reaction energies, this agrees with the experiment's findings. It was discovered throughout ELF analysis that analyzed [3+2] cycloaddition is realised by a two-step mechanism. In addition, study of interactions of the products studied in this paper with the protein protease Covid-19 (PDB ID: 7R98) were carried out, by means of molecular docking study). The results indicate that the occurrence of the transfer of the proton to the nitrogen atom, increases the affinity of these products to the protein (CA32-F1 and CA32-F2). © 2023.
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Introduction: Food delivery applications (FDAs) have altered the way customers order and consume food. This was compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, which imposed restrictions on people's mobility. In this study, the authors have tried to determine which barriers affect consumers' emotions and feelings, leading to satisfaction, repeat visit, and WOM recommendations. Method: ology: The Innovation Resistance Theory has been used to conduct the study. The Mixed Model is also framed to address the barriers faced by FDA users. This study also identifies key barriers of FDA (Value Barrier, Image Barrier, and Environment Barrier) and also studies their effect on consumer emotions and feelings in addition to the impact on repeat purchase behaviour, customer satisfaction and word of mouth recommendation. The data is collected from 392 respondents. Findings: The findings demonstrate that apart from the value barrier, all the other barriers have negative and significant impacts on consumers' feelings and emotions. It further supports the mediation effect amongst consumer feelings and emotions, satisfaction, repeat purchase, and WOM recommended. The moderating effect of transaction cost has been shown with different associations. Implications: The service providers should make sure that all transactions are safe and secure and that food is delivered on time. They should also have good ways for customers to get in touch with them, so they will get orders from them. Originality: The focus of the study is on the link between satisfaction, repeat purchases, and word-of-mouth recommendations for FDA, which hasn't been looked into in any previous studies. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd
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Since its sudden outbreak in December 2019 in Wuhan, A pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 has been announced. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin with anti-oxidant and immunity-boosting properties. Vitamin C acts as a nutritional supplement profoundly impacting the immune response to the second or third wave of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Vitamin C efficacy as an adjuvant treatment for inflammation and symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection should be investigated further. This report sheds light on the available information on the current clinical trials and pharmacotherapy related to COVID-19. Information available on Pubmed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science databases and EU clinical trials regarding the use of therapeutic agents in patients with COVID-19 was used to perform analysis. Data was taken from 18 clinical trials available in the U.S. National Library of Medicine. All trials that are active, completed, or in the process of recruiting are included in data. Because of majority of clinical trials are still ongoing, specific results and high-quality clinical evidence are lacking. Before being standardised for use, the protocol must undergo large randomised clinical studies using a variety of existing medications and potential therapies. The pivotal role played by vitamins C in maintaining our immune system, is quite apparent. This review is an attempt to summarize the available information regarding the use of vitamin C as an adjuvant therapy in Covid -19 patients.
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Academic library websites are considered an integral tool for disseminating libraries' information, resources, and services. It also encourages users to interact and use library resources and services remotely. The spread of COVID-19 and the nationwide lockdown shifted the education system to an online mode of teaching and learning. The present study aims to analyse the usability criteria of the Central Universities' library websites, the availability of various facilities & services provided during the pandemic, to know the mode of information dissemination during the pandemic, andthe preventive measures undertaken by the Central University library websites to combat the Corona Virus.The study reveals that Aligarh Muslim University and the Central University of Orissa have adopted all possible means and modes to provide information to its users to combat the struggles during the pandemic through their library websites. However, certain Central University websites like the Central University of South Bihar have provided the least services for their users during the pandemic. The study also highlighted the essential steps initiated by the selected libraries to fulfill the information needs of their users, and those services may be opted by others to meet the post-lockdown needs.
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Introduction: Untreated/refractory severe aplastic anemia (SAA) is associated with very high mortality. Allogenic bone marrow transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy remains mainstay of treatment but these treatments are timely available to only a select subset of patients. Recently eltrombopag has been approved for treatment of SAA. Aims & Objectives: We aimed to describe clinical profile and treatment response in patients with SAA from a tertiary care centre. Material(s) and Method(s): A retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with SAA over a period of 7 years from January 2015-December 2021 was performed. The details of demographic profile, laboratory features, treatment given and response were analyzed. Result(s): Ninety patients were diagnosed with SAA during this period out of which 18 patients went elsewhere for treatment. Seventy-two patients who received treatment in our hospital were included in the analysis. Sixty-two patients were SAA while 10 VSAA. PNH screening was done in 24 patients, out of which 17 (70%) had small clone. The details of treatment and response achieved is shown in Table 1. Eight patients (11.1%) received matched related donor allogenic hemopoietic cell transplant, out of which one had rejection followed by auto recovery while one died 6 months later due to covid 19 disease. Sixty-four patients received immunosuppressive therapy, forty-nine (76%) responded. Recurrence of SAA occurred in two patients who has achieved complete response to ATG therapy;one received second course of horse ATG + CSA + ETP and responded again. Conclusion(s): Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment selection is of utmost importance to achieve optimal outcome in severe aplastic anemia. Eltrombopag has become an important addition not only in front line but also in relapsed refractory aplastic anemia. Patients lacking donor, or resources for ATG should be treated with cyclosporine and eltrombopag as early as possible. (Table Presented).
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This research is aimed to discover how people's buying habits changed during the COVID-19 epidemic and what variables drove consumption expenditure in India. Additionally, the study wanted to establish what factors influenced consumption expenditure in India. Consumption expenditure was shown to have declined all the way through the pandemic in the research that was conducted, which was based on one hundred survey data samples that were obtained in 2021 and 2022. When compared to levels preceding the outbreak, the amount of money spent on housing, food, and drinks did not significantly change. On the other hand, throughout the course of the previous several years, fewer dollars have been spent on things like clothes, entertainment, and education. It was shown that age, the number of members in a family, and the income of the household all had substantial influence on changes in spending. During the course of the epidemic, residenks found that making purchases online became an essential supplementary method of buying. it is anticipated that this tendency will continue even after the virus has been contained. In order to provide a concise summary of the suggestions in light of the results, we have made two points. First and foremost, young people who are not married are the primary group that is responsible for the recovery of consumer spending in a variety of industries, including but not limited to fashion, leisure, education, and public transportation. In the meantime, the Government needs to enact legislation that will enhance the general quality of the products and services that are accessible for consumers to purchase online.
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Background: Palliative care (PC) is an integral part of managing patients with chronic illness and high symptom burden including end-stage liver disease (ESLD). Given the deficit in PC workforce, we trained Hepatologists with primary PC skills as a part of a comparative effectiveness trial (NCT03540771). This study explored the experiences of hepatologists trained to provide PC to patients with ESLD and their caregivers. Method(s): We conducted a qualitative interview study within the context of Pal-Liver, a PCORI-funded, 18-institution cluster-randomized comparative effectiveness trial of PC delivered by hepatologists (10 sites) vs PC specialist (8 sites) to ESLD patients and caregivers. Hepatologists completed a 12-week training course to develop skills in delivering primary PC for ESLD patients. Trained interviewers used a semi-structured guide to interview hepatologists (n=15) and PC specialists (n=15) to explore overall experiences in providing ESLD care, pre-and post-study challenges and benefits, and for hepatologists, experiences with training and providing primary palliative care. Phone interviews were digitally-recorded, transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed aided by NVIVO 12 software. Using a consensus-driven code book manifest and latent themes emerged. Here we report preliminary analysis of hepatologists' perspectives. Result(s): Hepatologists (n=15) 70% female;77% white, mean age 48 years from 8 hepatologist-provided palliative care institutions reported themes of: 1) primary PC training beneficial;2) time consuming but "time well spent" with additional primary PC integrated within routine ESLD care;3) ESLD care boundaries vs overlap: Who does what & when?;4) Covid-19 impact: challenges and opportunities;5) increased focus on caregivers' needs;6) patient reported outcome (PROs) measures improved communication about prognosis and tailoring PC interventions for physical and emotional symptoms, and 7) need for more case discussions and practical strategies. Conclusion(s): Training on primary PC skills assisted hepatologists to provide additional support to patients and increased their realization of caregivers' needs. Boundaries between primary and specialist PC for patients with ESLD are not well demarcated. Hepatologists found PROs useful in tailoring PC interventions. Future analysis will include comparisons between hepatology and specialist delivered PC to inform a pragmatic approach. (Figure Presented).
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Over the centuries, global pandemics of infectious diseases, such as cholera, small pox, influenza and lately covid has severely impacted the world health and economy. Even after the promising development in science and technology, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases are still a major healthcare problem. Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa are mainly responsible for infectious diseases and these express different surface markers viz., lipoproteins, receptors, lipids, glycoproteins, glycopeptides, carbohydrates, etc. Identification of these biomarkers play a crucial role in pathogen detection/identification, its control, and inhibition. Despite advancements in pathogen identification, the standard conventional diagnostic methods still have limitations related to their specificity and sensitivity. So, in this context, researchers have utilized the versatile nanostructure modalities for effective sensing, diagnosis and prognosis of various infectious diseases. This chapter unleashes various nanodiagnostic techniques developed to detect, capture and image infectious pathogens through biomarker recognition which can be used worldwide. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Since the outbreak of the novel SARS-CoV-2, i.e., in December 2019, in Wuhan, China, more than 110 million cases have been reported, with 2.5 million deaths worldwide. It is not the first time, earlier in 2002–2003 SARS-CoV and in 2010 MERS-CoV outbreaks were reported. However, in 2019 novel SARS-CoV-2 outbreak prevailed to a great extent worldwide. Still, we are in the middle of a pandemic and seek effective vaccines and therapeutics for prevention and complete cure, respectively. There are new strains of novel SARS-CoV2 reported in a different part of the world. Considering the research data and statistics from CDC and WHO, the novel SARS-CoV-2 is the second most deadly viral outbreak after the Spanish Flu in 1918. Compared to previous coronavirus outbreak cases, the novel SARS-CoV-2 attack was reported to be more transmissible but less fatal. Among the top five countries worst affected by novel SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality are the United States, India, Brazil, Russia, and the United Kingdom. Similarly, many countries in Europe, including Spain and Italy have endured a similar impact with viral outbreaks. The pandemic started in China and traveled to Europe, the United States and the American continent, and many Asian countries, including Russia and India, which are “hot spots” for virus infection and disease outbreak. In the first wave of the virus outbreak, many countries including China, South Korea, Japan, New Zealand, etc., successfully controlled and contained the virus, using strict social distancing and other containment measures. The reproductive number (R 0) and fatality rate of COVID-19 disease caused by novel SARS-CoV-2 infection vary among different populations. However, infection and disease are a function of several risk factors, including age, sex, comorbidity, and strain of novel SARS-CoV-2. Simultaneously, there is a massive effort in research for diagnostic, therapeutic, and vaccine development. It was the first time in human history where a clinical diagnosis was implemented very early in the case of a pandemic. Several antiviral drugs, antiinflammatory agents, immune modulators, and vitamins were used to control the COVID-19 disease. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Employment and employability have lately surfaced as a significant concern for India that stands as the world's second central higher education system. The post-COVID-19 era further demanded a comprehensive policy at the national level. The Indian government approved the new education policy (NEP), bringing changes to higher education in the country on 29th July 2020. After an exhaustive reading of all education policies published in Indian literature, the authors present this viewpoint chapter, contributing to the extant literature on education policies in the following three ways. The first purpose is to evaluate and compare the current NEP 2020 to the last two educational policies of 1968 and 1986 to understand how far each policy could realize the goal of employability. The second purpose is to adumbrate the gaps between industry and academia in the proposed NEP 2020 to propose some transformative steps to fill the outlined gap. Thirdly, the main findings are depicted through a graphical representation to give some directions for future policy and research in employability. © 2022, IGI Global. All rights reserved.
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The whole world was disturbed because of COVID-19. It brought several positive and negative effects on human, environment, and climate. During the lockdown period of COVID-19, all movements and activities slowed. All socio-economic activities, industrial workshops, and production units were completely closed. Due to restriction and slowdown of these activities, some environmental conditions improved including air quality and water pollution. But due to the increasing number of COVID-19 patients, rate of generation of medical waste increased (PPE kit, face mask, and hand gloves). Unplanned discarding and production of medical waste causes ill effects on the environment as well as human beings. These environmental and human consequences have long-lasting effects;therefore, they require proper and well-planned sustainable strategies for a better future and to overcome these consequences. The COVID-19 pandemic has obtained an overall global response to win this COVID-19 battle. © 2022, IGI Global.
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Background: Currently available COVID-19 vaccination regimens in the US deliver either a homologous spike (S) mRNA prime-boost or a prime-only S DNA adenovirus-vectored antigen to elicit humoral and cell-mediated responses to confer protection against SAR-CoV-2 infection. Alternatively, heterologous vaccination using two different platforms has the potential to enhance and expand immune protection. Addition of a second SARS-CoV-2 antigen, the nucleocapsid (N) protein that is less subject to mutation and elicits vigorous T-cell responses, may also be advantageous. We report immunological responses to homologous and heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimens with a human DNA adenovirus serotype 5 S plus N (AdS+N) and/or a self-amplifying S-only mRNA vaccine (AAAH) delivered with a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). Methods: CD-1 mice received homologous or heterologous prime-boost combinations of AdS+N and AAAH. Priming doses were administered on Day 0, booster doses were delivered on Day 21, and mice were euthanized for blood and organ collection on Day 35. Serum was analyzed for anti-S (both wild type and variant) and anti-N IgG subtypes by ELISA. Spleen-resident CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were tested for IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 production in response to S-WT, S Delta variant and N protein overlapping peptides by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS). Splenocyte cytokine secretion upon stimulation with S-WT/N peptides was also assessed by IFN-γ and IL-4 ELISpot. Serum neutralization of the original Wuhan strain, Delta, and B.1.351 variants was assessed by a pseudovirus neutralization assay. Results: The highest humoral and T-cell responses were seen with the heterologous AAAH prime-AdS+N boost regimen, with a significant increase in T-cell responses relative to homologous vaccination. S protein-binding IgG was similar between wild type and Delta variant S proteins, with a strong/clear Th1/Th2 bias, and T cells responded to S wild type and S Delta peptides with similar levels of cytokine expression. Sera from AAAH prime-AdS+N boost mice showed the ability to neutralize Wuhan D614G, Delta, and B.1.351 (South Africa) variant pseudoviruses at high levels. Conclusion: Heterologous vaccination with the AAAH RNA vaccine prime and an AdS+N DNA boost may provide substantially improved humoral and cell-based immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants by leveraging the advantages of each vaccine platform technology and by inclusion of immune responses to N.
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Purpose: Mucormycosis has evolved as a post-COVID-19 complication globally, especially in India. The research on fungus has been very primitive, and many scientific publications have been discovered. The current COVID-19 pandemic needs further investigation into this unusual fungal infection. This review study aims to provide a pen-picture to researchers, science policymakers and scientists about different bibliometric indicators related to the research literature on mucormycosis. Design/methodology/approach: The quantitative research was conducted using the established procedure of bibliometric investigation on data collected from Scopus from 2011 to 2020 using a validated search query. The search query consisted of keywords “Mucormycosis” or “Mucormycoses” or “Mucormycose” or “Mucorales Infection” or “Mucorales Infections” or “Black Fungus Infection” or “Black Fungus Infections” or “Zygomycosis” in the “Title-Keyword-” search option for data extraction. The analysis of data is performed using MS-Excel. Mapping was done with state-of-the-art visualization tools Biblioshiny and VOSviewer, using bibliometric indicators as units of analysis. Findings: The analysis reveals that the first publication on this topic was reported from 1923 onwards. In total, 9,423 authors contributed 1,896 papers with 11,437 collaborated authors, documents per author are 0.201, authors per document are 4.97 and co-authors per document are 6.03. Total records were published in 779 journals in the English language from 75 countries globally. Mucormycosis literature is mostly open access, with 1,210 publications available via different open access routes. The highest number of articles (204) published in the journal “Mycoses” with 1,333 authors received 4,875 cited references, and the h-index has 24. The growth of publications is exponential, as depicted by the Price Law. The USA has recorded a maximum number of publications at both country and institutional levels compared to the other nations. There has been extensive research on mucormycosis before the outbreak as a post-COVID complication, as indicated by the highest number of publications in 2019. Practical implications: The research hot spots have altered from “Mucormycosis,” “fungi,” “Zygomycosis” and “Drug efficacy”, “Drug Safety” to “Microbiology,” “Pathology,” “nucleotide sequence,” “surgical debridement” which indicates that potential area of research in the near future will be concerned with more extensive research in mucormycosis to develop standard treatment procedures to fight this infection. The quantity of scientific publications has also increased over time. The research and health community are called upon to join forces to activate existing knowledge, generate new insights and develop decision-supporting tools for health authorities in different nations to leverage vaccination in its transformational role toward successfully attaining nil cases of COVID-19. Originality/value: The analysis of collaboration, findings, the research networks and visualization makes this study novel and separates from traditional metrics analysis. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is original, and no similar studies have been found with the objectives included here. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.
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Due to the effect of Covid-19 the pattern of energy consumption of Uttarakhand State has affected during lockdown. Since the inception of Covid-19 in Uttarakhand there has drastic change in electricity consumption in thirteen districts of the State including Dehradun which is also a Smart City. It has reported that there is decrease in electricity consumption in the year 2020-21. In this study the long-term load forecasting using Artificial Neural Network is used as per the information released by Uttarakhand Electricity Regulatory Commission (UERC) in their tariff order for Financial Year 2021-22. There is eleven million population in Uttarakhand at present. During economic shutdown in Uttarakhand State the power utilities has faced the challenge of electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. It has been observed that during Covid-19 there is 939.97 million units generated energy loss has faced by power utilities companies in Uttarakhand. Uttarakhand is a emerging State where lots of new Technologies are in pipeline. In this Study the forecasted results is for nine years (2022-2030) which represents that there will be sudden rise in electricity consumption after 2025 to 2030 in Uttarakhand due to the intervention of electric vehicles. In Uttarakhand Dehradun is also a smart city where lots of IoT devices have been deployed across city which are are also consuming electricity. This study has reduced the forecast error upto 7.17 % so that there would be minimum revenue loss in future to the power utilities in Uttarakhand. © 2021 IEEE.
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Background: The role of BCG and MMR/Measles vaccination in reducing the burden of COVID-19 has been based on ecological data mostly. We planned this explorative pilot case-control study to under-stand the role of vaccination with Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) and measles administered as part of MMR vaccine on COVID 19. Methodology: A case-control study was conducted in AIIMS Patna during December 2020 and January 2021. A total of 100 COVID-19 patients confirmed by RT-PCR test were taken as cases, and for each case, age and gender-matched SARS-COV-2 negative individual was taken as control. A study tool containing a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used. Results: The unadjusted odds of COVID-19 were found to be significantly higher among BCG vaccinated [1.88(1.03-4.4)] and MMR vaccinated individuals [5.06(2.34-10.90]. BCG vaccine was not found to have an independent effect on COVID-19 after adjusting for tobacco use, MMR vaccination status, unprotected contact with SARS-COV-2 positive patients, and co-morbidities. But Measles vaccine was found to inde-pendently increase the risk of COVID-19 [AOR: 4.505(1.8-11.3)]. Conclusion: BCG vaccination status was not found to be an independent predictor of COVID-19. Further studies with large sample size and better study design (cohort, randomized trials) need to be conducted. © 2022, MedSci Publications. All rights reserved.
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Background: The information on seroprevalence rates of COVID-19 infection among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its comparison to healthy controls is sparse. We compared the seroprevalence rates in immunocompromised and immunocompetent IBD patients and healthy controls. Methods: Patients with IBD under follow-up at the IBD clinic, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, were included. After obtaining informed consent, patients underwent SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing (chemiluminescent immunoassay: Seimens kit IgG against antigen S1RBD) and information on demography, drug history, past history of COVID infection and vaccination status were noted. Patients with IBD on 5-aminosalicylic acid or not on any treatment were considered immunocompetent and those who had received steroids, thiopurines or methotrexate within 6 months of sample collection were considered immunocompromised. Results: 235 patients (51.9%-males;mean age at enrolment- 38.7±12.4 years;median disease duration-60 months [IQR:36- 120]) (UC-69.4%, CD-28.9%, IBDU-1.7%) and 73 healthy controls (HCs- mean age-39.6± 10.9 years, 79% males) were enrolled from July 2020 - April 2021 (Table1). 128 (54.5%) patients were immunocompromised and 107 were immunocompetent (treatment details: 5 ASA-72.3%, steroids-15.3%, Thiopurines-40%, methotrexate-2.6%). Seventy-four (31.5%) patients were positive for IgG antibody against SARS CoV2, 2 patients (0.9%) had previous history of COVID infection and none received COVID vaccine. Seroprevalence rates between immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients with IBD and healthy controls was similar (28.1% vs 36% vs 28%, p>0.05) (Figure1). Demographic and disease characteristics such as age, gender, disease type, disease activity in last 6 months, disease duration and medication use was similar between patients with positive and negative serology (Table2). There was progressive increase in seroprevalence from July 2020 to April 2021 Conclusion: Upto 1/3rd patients with IBD were seropositive for IgG SARS Cov2 antibody indicating asymptomatic COVID-19 infection. The seroprevalence was similar to healthy controls and was not different between immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients with IBD.